Class: Woman's Roles, A Historical Perspective Midterm Exam

1991 De Paul University

Class: Woman's Roles, A Historical Perspective

Midterm Exam

Teacher: Mary Cannon

                                                                  

Midterm Exam Women’s Roles

 

October 17, 1990

 

Question 3

 

I strongly disagree with this statement. Women have been fighting for equality for centuries. It appalls me that despite centuries of assertion, speaking, and sticking our necks out we still do not have equality.

 

Susan B. Anthony lectured, started a woman's group The Daughters of Temperance in 1851, and founded a radical magazine The Revolution. The speech she gave in New York, other than the right to vote, still speaks to the feelings of women today.

 

Sojourner Truth (1795-1883), a slave in New York state, voiced in "Ain't I a Woman?", the link between sexism and racism.

 

Elizabeth Coty Stanton addressed the New York legislature in 1860 for the enlargement of women's property rights. She dared to say that women are citizens with rights just as a man.

 

Mercy Ottis Warren was the first American historian; she wrote Observations of the New Constitution in 1788. She saw the need for a Bill of Rights.

 

Margaret Fuller sought women's rights in Women in the Nineteenth Century in 1845.

 

Carrie Chapman Catt organized the International Suffrage Alliance to start women's groups in other countries.

 

Betty Friedan in my opinion, slowed the progress of the women's movement by directing herself toward middle- and upper-class women. She left out so many women: blacks, poor, uneducated, - the many masses of women who are in desperate need to feel included in the movement.

 

I was surprised to learn about what Bell Hooks wrote in  Black Women: Shaping Feminist Theory. I felt ashamed that that happened.

 

Teacher's comments: Nonetheless, the movement Friedan started, probably helped Hooks along and for that, we can be grateful.

 

Question 4

 

Yes, a woman is her own worst enemy. Women do have power; we raise sons, they are in the palms of our hands, and yet we have a world full of "macho men" who see us as wimps.

 

Women ALLOW men to take advantage of them. I think we all tell others how they may treat us. If women were more "together" among themselves, they could give each other strength to stand up for our rights.

 

Women are frequently so involved with their own coping with the inequalities in their own lives that they don't reach out to other women for strength and support.

 

Women have bought into the ideologies of the patriarchal society. I recall asking my aunt why women couldn't be priests, and she was appalled that I would even suggest such a thing. She believed it so strongly nothing - on logic could shake her. She could not give me a reason - just that it's forbidden.

 

Women could do whatever they wanted if they believed they could, got together, and did it.

 

It works against women in general when we compete with each other; we would be stronger if we cooperated instead. While we are busy fighting among ourselves the men are running things.

 

I know I have tolerated things in the past I would not today. Why? Why do women not SEE themselves as equal? First, we must SEE ourselves as equal, then just act accordingly.

  

Teacher's comments:  Yep! to last statement.

 

Not too much in historical specifics here, but awfully good questions and logic.  45 points out of 50.

 

Research Proposal Women & Fear of Success

1991 De Paul University
Class: Woman's Roles, A Historical Perspective
Research Proposal - Women & Fear of Success
Teacher: Mary Cannon

Research Proposal Women & Fear of Success

Didn't end up doing this project

Part 1

Many women prevent themselves from reaching their dreams; psychologists call this phenomenon "fear of success"; men also can have a "fear of success", but the difference is that for men the reason for their fear does not involve their sexuality - for women it DOES. For instance, men may be repelled by the cutthroat business world or may have moral objections to a job, but women do not see success as synonymous with their femininity.  I have had a strong personal interest in this topic since learning about it in a psychology class 12 years ago. This "fear of success" keeps some of our best women down; even some of the women that the world may see as having attained total success are still doing things that sabotage their own continued growth.    

Part 2

          -What is it and when did we first know about it?

          -What effect has it had on women's lives in the last 20            years?

          -Can we use what we have learned from history to rid this scourge from women's psyche?

Part 3

 In starting this research my hypothesis is that women ARE still held back by their "fear of success". Are women still held back by a "fear of success"?

Part 4

The book Essays in Feminism by Vivian Gornick, has actual research material done 20 years ago by Dr. Matina Horner; Dr. Horner was researching motivation and achievement when she realized what was already common knowledge for 75 years before; she found that women anxiously avoid success. I plan to use her test methods on some girls, teens and women today.

Betty Harragan wrote in Working Woman magazine that some women with abundant talent seem to sabotage great opportunities. Just when they are at mid-career and poised to break through the barriers, they voluntarily jump off the ladder - finding themselves at the bottom. She calls it "female" thinking; she means linear thinking that starts at adolescence and progresses in a straight line forever. It does not go upward or even veer off in a new direction, which one might think that it would after gaining experience and skill; this style of thinking never grows up. I plan to show that "fear of success" is still an obstacle to us today.

Part 5

I plan to do continued library research as I was unable to carry home all the books on the subject at one time; I was excited to find so much written about women, especially on this topic.              

I plan to use personal interviews and questionnaires with women of different ages, backgrounds, and levels of success (as judged by me). I want to learn whether women know that they have it and whether knowing it makes a difference in overcoming it.

I plan to obtain as many periodical articles as possible that I can find from the past and the present to evaluate changes over time.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Books to get:

Women And Success, Ruth B. Kundsin - William Morrow, 1974

Feminine Psychology, Karen Horney                         

The Courage to Be Yourself, Lisle Library

Developing Self Esteem: A Guide For Success, Connie Palladino                                   

Too Smart For Her Own Good? The Impact of Success on the Intimate Lives Of Women, Levine Shneidman

Industry Week, Jim Braham, "The Fear of Success", v238, May 1,1989, pp. 23 (5).

American Health: Fitness of Body And Mind, April 1989, pp. 56(5) v8

The Success Syndrome, Steven Berglas, How to deal w success and related articles.

Chatelaine, Jan 1988, pp. 30(1), v61. "The Imposter Syndrome; Why Some Successful People Feel Like Fakes", Barbara MacKay

Feminine Personality And Conflict, Matina Horner, Brooks/Cole 1970.

Developing Self Esteem; A Guide for Personal Success, Connie           Palladino, 1989

Self Sabotage: How to Stop and Soar to Success, Martha Baldwin

Tactics: The Art and Science of Success, DeBono

Love and Power in a World Without Limits: A Woman's Guide to The Goddess Within, Terry Cole Whitiker

The Good Life: The Meaning of Success in the Middle Class, Loren Baritz, 1928

Woman On a Seesaw: The Ups and Downs of Making It, Hilary Cosell 1954

How to Father a Successful Daughter, Mickey Marone, 1987

Minding My Own Business: Entrepreneurial Females Share Secrets, Marjorie McVicar

Networking: A Great New Way For Women To Get Ahead, Welch Mary Scott

The Working Woman's Success Book, Ed of WW magazine, 1981

Prospering Women: A Complete Guide to Achieving the Full Abundant Life, Ruth Ross

Starpower: An Astrological Guide to Super Success, Jacqueline Stallone

Games Mother Never Taught You, Betty Lehan Harragan

Knowing The Score, Betty Harragan

Learning Autobiography

1990 DePaul University
School for New Learning
Class: New Discovery Workshop
Teacher, Toni Gainer

Learning Autobiography

I had thought that after high school I would just get married and live happily ever after. (I was the designated "dumb" one in the family, so college was out of the question). When that didn't happen I was forced to get a job and then to actually think about my future. I worked at several different downtown office jobs: employment counselor, file clerk, figure clerk, and receptionist - I couldn't stand any of them for long. After about a year I realized that I could not work in an office pushing papers for a living. I knew I needed to do something that affected me in the heart. I told my mom that I wanted to work with children; she said I could go to the local hospital and work as a nurse's aide in the pediatric unit. To my delight they hired me.

Working as a nurse's aide, especially with sick children, was a major life event for me. I went home crying every day for 6 months! The nurses I worked with would say things like, "You'll toughen up" or "You'll get cold and hard". Each day when I came home in tears my mom would say "Nurses are supposed to care about their patients". All I had to do was help draw a child's blood and I would cry, imagine how I would be if a child died of leukemia. I learned that I could come to deal with it; I had my doubts about becoming cold and hard though. I did this for about 3 years; the whole time the nurses were saying that I should go to nursing school because I was good with the kids. The parents and kids reinforced my caring behaviors: the kids with hugs, coloring me pictures or giving me presents, and the parents telling me how much they appreciated my caring for their children. I felt worthwhile, and needed and that I was "helping people". 

I then went to Practical Nursing school which took 1 year. My teachers told me that I did best when in complex situations like those in intensive care; they told me that I was smart - I was shocked and did not believe it - yet. I was learning to see myself through the eyes and opinions of others not in my family.

I then spent about 15 years working in various settings as an L.P.N. (Licensed Practical Nurse). The longest job I had was in a hospital recovery room. This was a very enlightening experience because I was able to compare myself with others. Most of my coworkers told me that I should not waste my time working as an L.P.N., doing the same work as an R.N., but getting less money. My head nurse once told me that if she were sick she would like me to care for her; she watched me touch my patients and knew that I cared. I learned that I could make a difference by just touching someone; I imagined what I could do if I advanced my education.

My last job as an L.P.N. was in an oncology unit (a unit to care for patients with cancer). This was an enormously profound experience. It was accepted practice to sit on the patient's bed, hug patients and families if it seemed like the thing to do at the time, and use our humanity. Words are not enough to say what it feels like to help someone die. Believe it or not, it enriched my life. I learned that I could comfortably talk openly about the unspeakable and help others to begin to do so. I felt I was good at this type of communication. A friend took a class in the psychology of death and dying; I read all the required material for the class and more. 

I went to nursing school for my R.N. at Indiana University. My ex-husband had said, "They won't let you go to college, you flunked all through high school". A man from the university told me in an interview after my entrance tests that I would have "no trouble" in college. He said some test I took (I think it was a vocabulary test) showed that I was in the ninety-seventh percentile; of course, I thought that meant that ninety-seven percent of the population were smarter than me! I don't think I have yet gotten over that shock. 

I did very well in college, graduated with distinction, passed my R.N. state board exams, and was set to start my new career - I was finally an R.N.. 

Soon after I graduated my husband and I got divorced after 14 years of conflict. In retrospect, I see that I had been seeing myself through his eyes; I now would find out who I really was. I also lost my dad. I learned about dealing with losses in my own life; after dealing with these "biggies" you grow stronger inwardly. 

As an R.N., I have now spent 6 years working in hospital intensive care units. I became proficient with all the latest technology; I have developed "gut" instincts about my patients through experiences that you can't learn in school. I sometimes, despite adverse clinical signs, "just knew" that my patient was OK. 

This type of work is very stressful for many reasons. I frequently did not believe in the treatments that I am responsible for being involved in. I frequently come home feeling as if someone put a vacuum cleaner on my head and my heart - it's that draining. I recently discovered (via the New Discovery Workshop) a way to verbalize why I am seeking a career change; I feel dissonance about my work. I have developed strong values in regard to human rights: the right to die, the right to refuse treatment, the right to question treatment, and the right to have medical information communicated in a way that can be understood by a person whose life is a stake. Because of the lack of healthy communication in health care people suffer needlessly. I went into this work to "help", I frequently feel as if I am torturing my patients.

A professor I had at Purdue University, in a communications class, told me about a new field called Health Communication; she said she thought I would be a natural in this field (she also said I was a born communicator). Through her I received a periodical called Health Communication and after reading one or two articles realized that this type of work may be a way to change careers without throwing away all the experience I have in nursing. I decided that I wanted to get a degree in communication. 

Part of my value dissonance involves the ethics of health care. I want to learn more about ethics and law; I plan to do private consulting with patients, families, and anyone who is faced with serious illness. I think with the aging population our society will have to face what it's doing with the technology. We will have to question whether or not it's good for society or for the individual to be putting every 90-year-old on a respirator when she stops breathing. We should also be able to make those decisions ahead of time. 

My long-term strategy is, after graduate education, to teach physicians about communication with patients. Too many do not communicate with them at all. If the older doctors decide they do not choose to communicate with their patients they can pay for my services to do so for them. I recall helping a doctor to die of cancer and asking him how his peers were in helping him to cope. He laughed and said, "They run in this room and are out that door within 2 seconds - they can't deal with it".

Nurses do not have time nor do they frequently have the nerve to tell patients the truth for fear the doctor will say they are overstepping their bounds. I recall recently hearing one nurse tell another nurse that Pat Anderson might be starting a new trend in nursing - telling patients the truth; I had had the nerve to tell a dying Aides patient that he had a choice about how he wanted to die; I told him he could refuse the respirator and he did.

I still want to help people, but I want to use my communication skills with my experience in nursing to do so. It's been 24 years since those nurses told me that I would get "cold and hard" or "toughen up"; I now know that I will never, thank God, be "cold and hard."        

Christmas With Jenni (Adventures with Jennifer 2)

1990 De Paul University
Class: Writing from the Inside
Teacher: Zoe Keithley
Adventures with Jennifer 2

Christmas With Jenni

We always bought a 6-foot tree; we always decorated it with homemade ornaments, the ones Jenny made from the time she was in nursery school to seventh grade. I recall the fun of taking out those ornaments and Jenny thinking that they were so ugly, that she could do better now that she was a year older. Even the empty toilet paper roll covered with glitter was beautiful. There were always tons of presents under the tree, mostly for Jenny, the privilege of the only child. There were those wonderful store-bought Christmas cookies; thank God, Jenny accepted me the way I was - that I was not a baker. 

One year she told me she hoped I would never make Christmas cookies again because it made me so crabby. God love her!

The lights were always hung around the fireplace, up the wall, and around the bar in the rec room; it made the place look so romantic. Jenny's drawings covered that one wall in the living room. All the Christmas cards were hung all over the refrigerator and the dishwasher. There was that wreath Jenny made out of plastic bags that had to go on the front door.

Christmas Eve was the time we went to his parents’ house. God, the presents there were unbelievable! It was hard to fit our chairs in the living room because of all the gifts. His mom would make everyone's favorite pasty......hmmmm; the smell alone said Christmas. His dad would be sure that we all had a drink of some kind of booze, just to take the tension off each of us - just a taste to celebrate. The hugs were the best part. I'm a real hugger. A hug was the designated thank you for each gift; I really liked that idea. His two brothers would always amaze me with the lovely gifts they would pick out for me. How could they do it - both single, never married, and knowing just what to buy their sister-in-law? 

On Christmas morning it was just the three of us. When Jenny woke up she was always forbidden to go downstairs until she got us up; no way did we want to miss Santa's big drop in front of the tree. Her face was always radiant, I always had my camera ready to capture the moment. John always surprised us with some homemade fudge and we were even allowed to eat it for breakfast. Who would want to leave all the presents to go make breakfast? John and I would put toys together, play games with Jenny, and generally act like the kids that we used to feel like on Christmas morning.

Now, after the divorce, on Christmas afternoon it was time to go to my mom's house. My sisters were always there with their husbands, my sweetheart of a nephew, cousins Johnny, and Denny; my Aunt Marc would come with her latest boyfriend, and the next-door neighbor would always bring that yucky fruitcake - we gave it away every single year. Nothing changed much after we three girls were married, had our kids, and were set up with our normal married lives. The grandparents were quite comfortable doing their grandparent thing. The kids always felt Christmas was a big deal and looked forward to it for months. Except.................

John and I got divorced and Christmas was never to be the same again. No one tells you how to keep up traditions when your whole life has changed. That first Christmas was devastating. John and I had joint custody of Jenny; he wanted to split her up so that he could have her on Christmas Eve, I would get her Christmas afternoon so we wouldn't be disrupting the rest of the family's traditions too much. Oh my God, it was so painful. I volunteered to work Christmas Eve just to avoid being alone, I could not have taken it. At work things were sad too; I realized that patients come to the hospital at times like this (especially at an inner-city ghetto hospital like this) when they are lonely. When they are hungry. When they don't have anywhere to go and it's such a special day. They must have had some "Always" type of things in their life before they were alone. It deepened my sadness to take care of them but also gave me some joy just knowing I was there for them - at least I felt worthwhile despite my deep sense of loss. 

We all take for granted those always things in our life, we are sure Christmas will always be joyous - when we have not known any different.  It was not a waste as I see it though. Working in this ghetto hospital made me more aware of what Christmas must be like for kids who can't afford for Santa to come. At least each of us could still buy gifts. 

One "always" about previous years that had more meaning was Jenny going through her toys and giving the ones that she had outgrown to Toys For Tots; I sensed without words that we were both finding solace in this charity that we had not appreciated in the past. I recall her once asking me why Santa did not bring toys to the poor kids, why were we bringing them toys? I told her that the parents had to leave Santa a check - what a bubble burst for a 4-year-old. Anyway, Christmas will never quite be the same; yet from surviving this very sad Christmas, future Christmases will mean more; we will have grown from the hurt that we survived.    

Here I am 6 1/2 years later and yes, we have created our new traditions, our new "always". What seemed impossible came to be quite nice. Now we always play Christmas by ear; we plan it around what feels best, we are free to invite new friends, we are free not to invite someone rather than be forced to do so by traditional traditions.

The First Day of Nursery School (Adventures with Jennifer 1)

1990 De Paul University

Class: Writing from the Inside

Teacher: Zoe Keithley

Adventures with Jennifer 1

The First Day of Nursery School

This was a big day. Jenny's first day at nursery school. I was full of ambivalence: was it really awful to want time (4 hours a week) without the kid? would she think I was abandoning her with strangers? would this be a major life trauma to my little 2+ 3/4-year-old? Or was it a healthy, stimulating, good experience for her socialization? Oh God, how I debated doing it. Oh, the guilt I felt. Oh, how I longed for 2 hours twice a week to have to myself. Oh to take a leak uninterrupted. Oh to go to the grocery store and not have to worry about being thrown out because she knocked down the can pyramid or toppled 12 thousand oranges. 

The drive there took forever. She asked a hundred questions. Will there be other kids there? How many kids will be there? Will there be any kids I know there? Will it be a man or woman teacher? How long do I get to stay there? Do they watch Sesame Street in that school? Do they play games? How did even a mom know all of this?

As we drove into the parking lot I saw her raise the door lock. As soon as the car stopped she was out the door. I hurried to catch up with her. We found her room without much trouble. The teacher was very nice. Miss Collins began to explain to Jenny what they did in nursery school. She introduced her to the other students. She came to walk me to the door as Jenny went with the other kids to check out the gerbils in the corner. The teacher said I could go now and that it was best if I kept walking when Jenny started to cry; they all do when they realize that mom won't be staying. She said just to keep going and act like it's normal to leave your child. Oh my God, I wasn't sure if I could do it or not. Did I really have to have 4 hours a week to myself? Did Jenny really need to learn to socialize with other kids? 

I got as far as the door, stepped just outside the door and peeked back in; I was being brave and risking the sight of her tear streaked face. I saw none. I saw her running up to the door, grabbing it by the handle, and pushing it shut in my face. 

I have since never felt guilty about pawning off my kid at nursery school. Obviously she needed to enjoy other kids, to learn that others can care for her, to be away from mom, and to grow on her own.  

Technological Solutions

 Technological Solutions

Purdue University

English Composition II - Eng 105

Fall 1988, Dr. Bolduc

Grade:  (A)                                                      

Technological Solutions

Modern medical technology saves lives. The technology is here, but solutions to the social problems it creates are still unsolved. These social problems are legal, ethical, financial, and maintenance in nature. 

If you're not a medical person you may be amazed to know what some of the technology can do. If your lungs don't work air can be forced into them with respirators; they can be adjusted to keep oxygen and carbon dioxide levels perfectly balanced. Non-functioning hearts can be maintained in many ways: drugs can make it contract stronger, beat slower or faster, and open or close blood vessels leading to the heart. Pumps can be used to do the heart's pumping job for it and let it rest. There are plastic total replacement hearts now in use. If you are too sick to eat, nourishment can be totally supplied and balanced by infusing it through your veins or infusing it through a tube in your stomach.  No kidneys - no problem, we have machines that can filter your blood. If you combine the different types of technology (which happens frequently) you can keep a person with "total body failure" alive for indeterminate periods of time; goody goody. 

In the United States, all men are created equal so all men should have equal access to this wondrous life-saving technology. All living wills (written requests not to receive heroic life support if terminally ill) should be banned. Anyone who would write such a request must be considered "off" mentally anyway because who would not want their life saved?

This would simplify things for all involved. No family would be asked to make judgments about whether to put their 97-year-old grandmother on a respirator; no parent would have to decide whether to feed their infant born without a cranium (the bone that covers the brain). What a comfort it will be to relieve loved ones of these tortuous decisions. Healthcare professionals won't have to make decisions about whether to use or how much technology to use on a particular patient; they will simply use all available technology on every patient. 

Now that we have solved the legal and ethical problems we can deal with the financial aspects. Many hospitals are going bankrupt due to cuts in medicare\medicaid reimbursements; the government surely won't pay for increased use of technology for the aged and poor. The patient and family are the ones benefiting from the technology so they must pay for it. They need to become open-minded in regard to fundraising schemes; cocaine sales are quite profitable and at least would be for a good cause. The United States Defense Department is known for having an unlimited and inflated budget; loans could surely be obtained directly from them; patients could bid for loans and the defense department could decide who is the most worthy. 

There is a nationwide nursing shortage so they can't take care of these patients. Closed down boarded-up steel mills and other bankrupt factories could be turned into warehouses for the "almost dead" people being kept alive. Men out of work from these factories could be trained as maintenance men for the life support systems. "Really dead people" (like decapitation victims) could be used to provide replacement parts for the "almost dead". We could call it Human Recycling. 

No one can now say that we have technology without equitable means to deal with its results.

Teacher response: GOOD!

Nursing Shortage

 Nursing Shortage

Purdue University

English Composition II - Eng 105

Fall 1988, Dr. Bolduc

Grade: (B+)

Nursing Shortage

There is a severe nationwide nursing shortage today. Staffing is so poor in critical care units that patient's lives are at risk. Hospitals have had to resort to using nurses from temporary agencies; they have to pay about four times a staff nurse's salary for an agency nurse; the agency nurse gets one and a half to two times what a staff nurse gets. At Loyola University Hospital, for example, it would not be unusual to find one staff nurse and 6 agency nurses in a critical care unit.

A nationwide survey done by RN magazine showed that 90% of nurses think their patients lives are at risk and are dissatisfied with the care they are able to give - all due to the shortage. 

Nursing school enrollments are down drastically across the country; Northwestern University closed its nursing program due to lack of enrollments; the University of Illinois had only eight students starting out this September. A college freshman today could earn more money majoring in almost any other field, so why get a bachelor's in nursing? This leaves the immediate future without much hope for new nurses. In the short term, there will not be any more nurses. 

In the past (and present) hospitals have treated nurses like assembly line workers; they see them as easy to replace, quite dispensable, and pay them the least they can. They see nurses as easily manipulated females and take advantage of the fact that most nurses care about and are dedicated to their patients. Hospitals slowly but steadily decreased staffing budgets and thought it would be more cost-effective to only call in help when things got desperate; this may have been cost-effective in the short term, but in the long term it is costing them a fortune; more and more nurses are working for agencies. Their thinking is as long as I have to work my ass off, I may as well make the most money I can. 

Nursing lacks strong leadership and unity. Nurses are very non-supportive to one another; whether this is a coping mechanism to deal with their stress and anger is up for debate. If the individual nurses on a unit are at each other's throats how can they unite and become a powerful constructive force to get what they want for their patients and themselves? 

Nursing salaries are insulting when measured against the awesome responsibilities they have. There are no rewards for giving TLC (tender loving care), it is expected that a nurse get into a patient's room and do only what she has to do so she can get on to the next one. This so called efficiency will keep them from getting in trouble for running into overtime. 

Hospitals have salary ceilings. It does not pay for a nurse to stay at a hospital for more than 5 years because she will only get cost of living raises after that time. A nurse has to change jobs to get more money for the experience gained. This makes retention difficult and gets in the way of a nurse accumulating benefits. 

I see two possible solutions, the first one being that nurses should run nursing. I mean total control, even the budget!  Each nursing unit should decide how many nurses are needed to give safe care; the unit should then decide what if any ancillary help is needed. Nurses should obtain equipment and supplies that only they are experts on. Nurses should be involved in designing construction and reconstruction so they can set things up to fit practical needs. The nurses should at the end of the year split profits among themselves. I am aware of a pilot study done at Lutheran General using these ideas; at the end of the first year, each nurse got a profit check for $5,000.00. The unit's morale was up, they gladly worked overtime and helped one another. They learned (or should I say showed) how to give safe cost-effective care. The nurses and the patients won. 

Since I doubt most hospitals would ever relinquish control to nurses I think nurses should stop working for hospitals in mass. For example, all the critical care nurses in Chicago quit their hospitals and form a corporation; they hire themselves out to hospitals at a fee they set themselves. They refuse assignments that are unsafe. They are real professionals using their judgments. They split all profits equally and can write off expenses like other professional business corporations.